Characteristics of ASD

Core domains across the spectrum, with associated evidence-based practices

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Cognitive & Neurological

  • Differences in executive functioning
  • Uneven cognitive profiles (splinter skills)
  • Challenges with theory of mind
  • Strong rote memory or systemizing tendencies
  • Atypical attention regulation

EBP: Cognitive Behavioral Intervention

CBI uses structured thinking strategies to help individuals recognize and reframe unhelpful thought patterns, improving executive functioning and emotional regulation.

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Behavioral

  • Repetitive behaviors and routines (RRBs)
  • Insistence on sameness
  • Self-stimulatory behaviors (stimming)
  • Restricted interests
  • Challenges with transitions

EBP: Functional Behavior Assessment

FBA identifies the function of challenging behaviors, leading to individualized behavior intervention plans (BIPs) that teach replacement behaviors and reduce barriers to learning.

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Communication & Language

  • Delayed or absent spoken language
  • Echolalia (immediate or delayed)
  • Literal interpretation of language
  • Difficulty with pragmatic communication
  • Challenges with nonverbal cues

EBP: Augmentative & Alternative Communication (AAC)

AAC systems (PECS, speech-generating devices, symbol boards) support and expand communication for individuals with limited verbal output, improving meaningful expression.

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Sensory

  • Hyper- or hyposensitivity to stimuli
  • Unusual responses to sounds, textures, lights
  • Sensory-seeking or sensory-avoidant behaviors
  • Interoception differences
  • Proprioceptive processing challenges

EBP: Structured Environment Modifications

Adjusting physical environments — lighting, noise levels, seating — and using sensory tools (fidgets, noise-canceling headphones) reduces sensory overload and supports regulation.

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Social

  • Difficulty with reciprocal social interaction
  • Challenges initiating or maintaining friendships
  • Differences in eye contact and social referencing
  • Trouble reading social cues
  • Preference for structured social settings

EBP: Social Skills Training (SST)

Structured SST groups use modeling, role-play, feedback, and generalization activities to teach social communication skills in naturalistic and peer-mediated contexts.